Pharmacological properties of various parts of Shirisha in different dosage forms in Brihatrayi:

1. Charaka Samhita

	Part used	Dosage form	Disease	Reference
1.	Beeja (Seed)	Shiro virechana (Nasya)	Shiraha shoola, Ardhavabhedaka, Kushtha	Ch. Su. 2/5
		Nasya /Anjana	Unmada	Ch. Chi. 9/64-65
		Pralepa	Arsha	Ch. Chi. 14/53
		Nasya	Shiro roga	Ch. Chi. 26/184
		Nasya / Pana / Anjana	Luta Visha	Ch. Chi. 23/200
2.	Twak (Bark)	Lepa	Visha	Ch. Su. 3/28
		Lepa	Kushtha	Ch. Chi. 7/96
		Siddharthakadi yoga (lepa)	Unmada	Ch. Chi. 9/70
		Lepa	Visarpa	Ch. Chi. 21/84
		Amritghrita	Visha	Ch. Chi. 23/242
		Mulaka taila	Pleeharoga / Shwasa / Kasa	Ch. Chi. 28/172
3.	Pushpa (Flower)	Swarasa	Hikka / Shwasa	Ch. Chi 17/114
		Lepa	Visarpa	Ch. Chi 21/90-91
		Swarasa	Visha	Ch. Chi 23/52
		Mrita Sanjivani Agada	Visha	Ch. Chi. 23/54
		Nasya / Pana / Anjana	Visha	Ch. Chi. 23/193
		Gandhahasti Agada	Visha	Ch. Chi. 23/71
4.	Phala (Fruit)	Lepa / Nasya / Pana	Visha	Ch. Chi. 23/53
4.	Phala (Fruit)	Lepa	Medhaka Visha	Ch. Chi 23/209
5.	Panchanga (Whole Plant)	Pana / Lepa	Visha	Ch. Chi 23/218
5.	Panchanga (Whole Plant)	Maha Gadhahasti Agada	Visha	Ch. Chi. 23/78
6.	Patra (Leaf)	Swarasa (Nasya)	Visha	Ch. Chi 23/49
7.	Sara (Heart wood)	Asava	--	Ch. Su. 25/49
8.	***	Lepa	Tvag dosha	Ch. Su. 3/29
		Maha Kashaya	Vishaghna	Ch. Su. 4/16
		Maha Kashaya	Vedana Sthapana	Ch. Su. 4/47
		Agrya dravya	Vishaghnanam	Ch. Su. 25/40
		Kashaya Skanda	--	Ch. Vi. 8/144
		Shiro Virechana	--	Ch. Vi. 8/151
		Churna (Lepa)	Kikkisa	Ch. Sha. 8/32
		Kwatha	Pittaja Prameha	Ch. Chi. 6/31
		Churna (Lepa)	Tvaga dosha, Dadru	Ch. Su. 3/4

*** Part used is not mentioned in the classic.

2. Sushruta Samhita

1	Beeja (Seed)	Pratisarana	Visha	Su. Kalp. 1/50
1	Beeja (Seed)	Churna	Netra Vikara	Su. U. 12/28
2	Puspa (Flower)	Anjana	Netra Vikara	Su. U. 12/16, 12/31
2	Puspa (Flower)	Banshagatwadi agada(lepa,nasya,)	Luta visha	Su. Kalp 5/79
3	Phala (Fruit)	Shiro virechana	--	Su. Su. 39/6
		Churna	Avasadana	Shu. Su. 37/33
		Lepa	Arsha	Su. Chi. 6/12
4	Panchanga (Whole plant)	Kwatha	Visha	Su. Kalp 5/81
5	***	Ghrita	Pittaja Ashmari	Su. Chi. 7/11
		Lepa	Dadru Nashaka	Su. Chi. 9/14
		Vajrak taila	Nadi Vrana	Su. Chi. 9/54
		Maha Vajrak Taila	Kushta	Su. Chi. 9/59
		Kwatha	Hasti meha	Su. Chi. 11/9
		Dhanwantari Ghrita	Prameha Pidaka	Su. Chi. 11/5
		Lepa	Shirah Shoola	Su. Kalp. 1/36
		--	Kushta	Su. Su. 38/12
		Yavagu	Visha	Su. Kalp. 2/45
		--	Sarpa Visha	Su. Kalp 5/18

*** Part used is not mentioned in the classic.

3. Asthanga Hridaya

1	Beeja (Seed)	Mukha Lepa	Vyanga	A H Su 22/19
1	Beeja (Seed)	Lepa	Arsha	A H Chi 8/24
2	Puspa (Flower)	Anjana	Netra Vikara	A H U 11/44
		Pishanjana	Netra Vikara	A H U 15/31
		Swarasa	Shwasa	A H Chi 4/32
		Lepa	Visarpa	A H Chi 18/16
3	Twak (Bark)	Lepa	Kushta	A H Chi 19/63
3	Twak (Bark)	Vajraka Taila	Kushta	A H Chi 19/79
4	Patra (Leaf)	Swedana	--	A H Su 17/13
5	***	Swarasa	Shirah shula	A H Chi 20/26
5	***	Ghrita	Ashmari	A H Chi 11/23

*** Part used is not mentioned in the classic.

Ethanobotanical, folk and tribal uses of Albizia lebbeck Benth:

Albizia lebbeck Benth. has a long history of use in Indian traditional medicine, particularly for the treatment of Asthma and allergic disorders. Seeds are astringent and have values in piles and diarrhea.

Bark has been used in Ayurveda for the treatment of bronchial asthma, leprosy, eczema, pruritus, paralysis, gum inflammation, anti-inflammatory agent and worm infestation.(23-27) Though, all the parts of the plant are prescribed in the treatment venomous bites; no part of the plant has antidotal value against either snake or scorpion.(28)

Phytochemical Study:

Leaf contains saponins, tanins and Two new tri-O-glycoside flavonols: kaempferol and quercetin3-O-α-rhamnopyranosyl (1’6)-α-glucopyranosyl (1’6)-α-galacto pyranosides.(29-30) Pods contains 3’,5 dihydroxy4’,7 dimethoxy flavone and N-benzoyl L Phenyl alaninol(30). The beans of the plants contain albiginc acid- a new triterpenoid sapogenin(31). Plant bark contain two saponin known as libbekenin A & B, Three Saponin albiziasaponins A, B and C.(32-34) Condensed tannins (7-11%) & d- catechin, libbecacidin, isomers of leucocyanidin, friedellin-3-one, acacic acid, Echinocystic acid and β- sitosterol. A saponin - lebbekenin C, on acid hydrolysis yielded echinocystic acid, glucose and rhamnose.(35-37)The heartwood contains Melanoxetin, d-pinitol, okanin & leucopelangonidin, a stereoisomer (-) melacacidin (7,8,3’,4’- tetrahedroxyflavan-3,4-diol), lebbecacidin, two new compounds 2,3-cis-3,4-cis-3,Ω-methyl-melacacidin and 3’-O-methylmelonoxetin-isolated from heartwood(38). Root Saponin characterized as echynocystic acid-3-0-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1→5)- β- D-xylofuranolsyl (1→4)- β-D-glucopyranoside.(39-40) Flower contains Triterpene, saponin, lebbekanin, saponin glycosides, and crocetin lebbekanin-D,F,G&H, the flower on steam distillation gave 4.3% colorless sweet smelling oil and the residue gave lupiol.(41)

Analysis of seed (42):

Seeds are rich in proteins and can be included in animal diets.

Crude fibers -4.2%

Nitrogen free extract -45.3%

Crude protein -39.5%

Ether extract - 6.8%

Total ash -4.2%

Moisture - 8.2%

Pentose -16.9%

Water soluble gum -2.3%

Oil -5.3%

Analysis of heartwood (43):

Ether extract - 0.96%

Hot water extract -14.4%

Lignin -22.0%

Holocellulose -76.9%

α-cellulose -45.60%

Analysis of leaves (44-45): Leaves are palatable, nutritious and can be used as fodder.

Dry matter -36.8 to 44.2%

Crude protein -20.1to 21.1%

Ether extract -8.5 to 16.0%

Crude fibers - 16.7 to 19.0%

Total ash -10.1 to 10.4%

Total carbohydrate -52.5 to 61.3%

Calcium -3.6 to 4.3%

Phosphorus -0.03 to 0.04%

Pharmacological contrive:

1. Anti-asthmatic activity: Clinical studies of stem bark decoction reported significant decrease in WBC, eosinophilic count, ESR, and 56% marked improvement (46). Shrisharista was given in 48 cases of bronchial asthma at a dose 40 ml per day for one month. The result indicated that 36.59% patients got mild improvement, 43.90% patients got moderate improvement and 7.32% patients got marked improvement.(47) Shireeshadi Ghana Vati in a dose of 1 gm QID with water provided 40% showed marked improvement and 20% mild improvement in cases of Bronchial Asthma. No adverse reactions were reported.(48) Decoction of the flower in the dose of 50mg/kg body weight has significant action against histamine induced bronchospasm. The activity could be due to smooth muscle relaxation.(49)

2. Effect on anaphylactic shock: The decoction of the bark had a significant cromoglycate like action on the mast cells of albino rats. Studies indicate the anti-anaphylactic activity is due to inhibition of the synthesis antibodies and suppression of T-lymphocytes activity.(50)The crude extract of the seeds and a pure saponin fraction at a dose of 0.5 mg/ml had exhibited stabilizing effect on the mast cells in the mesentery and peritoneal fluid of rats subjected to anaphylaxis.(51)

3. Pulmonary eosinophilia: Preliminary screening in 35 cases of tropical pulmonary eosinophilia treated with extracts of Shirisha pushpa in a dose of 200 mg twice a day with water indicated 82% marked response, 12% good response and 6% poor response. No Adverse Effects were reported in the study.(52)

4. Anti-tussive activity: Shirishavaleha exhibited anti-tussive activity on sulphur dioxide induced cough in experimental animals. Result indicated significantly decreased cough episodes in comparison to control group.(53)

5. Allergic conjunctivitis: In a comparative clinical study, Ghana satva of Shirisha bark and Shirisha Churna capsules showed encouraging results in all kinds of allergic conjunctivitis.(54)

6. Anti-fertility activity: Methanolic extract of pod of Shirisha shown anti-sprematogenic activity by reduction in spermatocyte & spermatogonia count, reduction in sperm density & sperm motility and decreased size of testes, epididymis, and seminal vesicle and prostrate in male rats.(55) Oral administration of isolated saponin from bark of Shirisha in the dose of 50mg / kg body weight in male rats resulted in a significant decrease in weight of testes, epididymis, seminal vesicle & ventral prostate. No significant changes could be observed in hematological and biochemical parameters as well.(56) Saponins obtained from seeds at dose of 200 mg/kg inhibited copper-induced ovulation in 60% of rabbits and caused marked reduction in average number of bleeding points in the ovaries.(57) The ethanolic extract of pods and root at a concentration of 2% as well as the saponins, lebbekanin-E exhibited spermicidal activity in rats and human semen.(58-60)

7. Anti-diarrheal activity: Aqueous and methanolic extracts of Shirisha exhibited activity against E. coli & Salmonella species. While Petroleum ether & hexane extracts did not exhibit any activity. None of the extracts showed activity against Shigella & Candida sp.(61)It has also been shown moderate activity against V. cholerae, A.hydrophilis and B. subutilis.(62)

8. Antimicrobial activity: The Glycosides isolated from the stem bark exhibited antimicrobial activity against staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Trichophyton rubrum.(63)

9. Anti-inflammatory activity: Methanol extract of bark at the dose of 400mg/kg inhibited 36.68% (p<0.001) of edema at the end of 4 hr.(64) Anti-inflammatory effect of Shirishavaleha has been reported significant at the end of 6 hours (60.14%, p<0.05) in comparison to control group (35.55%).(65) Aller-7, a botanical formulation of Albizia lebbeck Benth. along with six other plants exhibited potent activity against different inflammatory responses because of mast cell stabilization, lipoxygenase inhibition, hyaluronidase inhibition in number of in vitro models tested.(66)

10. Analgesic activity: The peripheral analgesic activity of Shirisha was measured by the acetic acid induced writhing test. The bark extract at 400mg/kg dose showed significant (p<0.001) reduction in the number of writhes with 52.4% of inhibition.(67) The central analgesic activity of the plant material was studied by measuring the drug induced changes in the sensitivity of the pre screened (Reaction time 2-4 sec) mice to heat stress applied to their tails by using a medicraft Analgesiometer-N (D’Amour and Smith 1941). The crude extract produced 61.48%(p<0.001) elongation of tail flicking time 30 min after oral dose of 400mg/kg. The plant extract showed prolonged stress tolerance capacity in the mice, indicating the possible involvement of higher centres.(68) The bark administered in a dose of 250mg/kg i.p. showed analgesic activity being less than that of novalgin.(69)

11. Cognitive behavior and Anti-anxiety Study: Saponins containing n-butanolic fraction extracted from dried leaves inhibited baclofen-induced hypothermia and passivity in amnesic mice. The studies showed that n-butanolic fraction possesses anxiolytic activity and nootropic activity.(70-71)

12. Immunomodulatory activity: Shirishavaleha prepared from Twak (Bark) and Sara (Heartwood) has shown significant immunomodulatory activity with Heartwood in comparison to Bark.(72)

Conclusion:

The plant has been attributed with a number of activities in the classics. The multi-dimensional activities have been revalidated in recent times on several experimental models and even in well designed clinical trials. The review reveals anti-anaphylactic, anti- asthmatic, anti-diarrheal, anti-spermatogenic, anxiolytic, anti-inflammatory, anti-histaminic etc. activities of the plant in different forms. No study (of pre-clinical or clinical stages) reported any Adverse Reaction with the usage of the plant in crude form; which reveals the safety aspects of the plant.

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Figure 1

a: Whole plant	b: A- Bark, B-Sapwood, C-Heartwood	c: Compound leaf with inflorescence	d: Stembark;	e: Pod

Karma	Prayogas	Reference
Visarpaghna (Anti-Erysipelas)	Shosha, Kasa, Vrana, Visha	Bhavaprakash Nighantu (7)
Vishahara (Anti-Poisonous)	Pama, Kushtha, Kandu, Twakdosh	Raja Nighantu (8)
Raktastambhana (styptic), Balya (tonic)	Arsha, shopha, visarpa, bhagna	Shodhala Nighantu (9)
Tridosha shamana, Varnya	Kustha, Kandu, Shwasa, Kasa, Vrana.	Kayaideva Nighantu(10)
Tridosha shamana, Varnya	Kustha, kandu, Shwasha, Kasa, Twaka dosha.	Dhanvantari Nighantu (11)
Vishaghna,(anti-poisonous), Vedana sthapana (analgesic)	Hicca, Shwasa, Visarpa, Sarpa Visha	Charaka Samhita (12)
Shiro virechana, Vishahara, Pitta nashana	Kustha, Arsha, Ashmari, Visha	Susruta Samhita (13)