International Journal of Ayurvedic Medicine

A novel sustainable and ecofriendly UV-Spectrophotometric method for the determination of Naringenin in bulk and vaginal niosomal nanoformulation

2024-04-20T10:29:43+0530

Naringenin, a flavonoid found in several fruits like oranges, grapefruit, and bergamot, exhibits a wide range of biological effects. These include antidiabetic, antidepressant, antiatherogenic, antitumor, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, hypolipidemic, antioxidant, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) activation, hepatoprotective properties, memory enhancement and DNA protective properties. The aim of this current study is to develop a simple and precise UV spectrophotometric technique for measuring Naringenin Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) in bulk and vaginal niosomal nanoformulation using PBS (Phosphate buffer solution) pH 4.5. The absorption peak of Naringenin was identified at 287 nm, and it adhered to Beer's law within the concentration range of 2 to 14 µg/ml. The calibration curve demonstrates a linear relationship between absorbance and concentration within the range of 2 to 14 µg/ml. The determined limit of detection and limit of quantification were found to be 0.587672µg/mL and 1.780824µg/mL, respectively. The validity of the method was assessed for repeatability, accuracy and precision. The results obtained indicated minimal intraday and interday variation. The excipients in the nanoformulation did not interfere the analysis. The developed analytical UV spectrophotometric method is simple, rapid and consistent, making it suitable for estimating the drug in both bulk and nanoformulation.

Investigating the antioxidant properties and GC-MS profile of Indian native medicinal flower Pandanus odorifer and assessing its cytotoxic effects on HT-29 cells

2024-04-23T15:09:26+0530

This study aimed to investigate the antioxidant potential and bioactive compounds of Pandanus odorifer flower. The phytochemical investigation includes both qualitative and quantitative experiments. In vitro antioxidant studies were conducted using DPPH, ABTS and hydroxyl methods. The bioactive compounds present in the ethanol extract were identified using GC-MS analysis. The MTT assay was carried out on HT-29 colon cancer cells to investigate the cytotoxic ability of the ethanolic extract. The qualitative phytochemical analysis demonstrated the presence of flavonoids, phenolic compounds, tannins, saponins, steroids, carboxylic acids and cardiac glycosides. The determination of flavonoid showed 400 ± 0.110 mg/g and 250±0.090 mg/g of quercetin equivalent in ethanol and water extracts. Similarly, the determination of phenol exhibited 108±0.210 mg/g and 87±0.173 mg/g gallic acid equivalent in ethanol and water extracts. The total antioxidant capacity revealed 1.6 ± 0.093 mg/g and 1.3± 0.056 mg/g equivalent of ascorbic acid in ethanol and water extracts. The DPPH assay showed IC₅₀ values of 35.06 µg/mL in ethanol and 44.82 µg/mL in water extract. Likewise, the ABTS assay revealed an IC₅₀ value of 42.20 µg/mL and 47.45 µg/mL in ethanol and water extract. The hydroxyl radical assay showed IC₅₀ value of 23.95 µg/mL in ethanol and 36.56 µg/mL in water extract. 22 bioactive compounds were identified using GC-MS analysis based on their similarity index. The ethanolic extract showed greater cytotoxic activity with the IC₅₀ value of 28.08 µg/mL on HT-29 colon cancer cells. This study concludes that the Pandanus odorifer flower extracts exhibited significant antioxidant and cytotoxic property.

Studies on identification of Garudapacha - An unfamiliar raw material used in Ayurveda formulations

2024-02-29T12:55:25+0530

Introduction: The raw drugs of mineral and metallic origin are exclusively classified into different groups. There are around 70 minerals and metals described in Rasashastra. There is a rare mineral called Garudapacha used in Kerala state of India, the details of which are scarce or rather not available. It is called as veluthagarudapacha, Palgarudapacha in Malayalam language and palgarudakallu, palgaruda and garudakallu in Tamil. A brief account of shodhana and marana is also mentioned for this mineral drug. The bhasma of Garudapacha is indicated in the conditions like asthisrava (leucorrhea), netraroga (Eye disorders), asthishosha (osteoporosis) and mutrakrichra (dysuria). Materials and methods: An attempt was made in this work to collect the samples of Garudapacha from different districts of Kerala. Collected sample was examined through selected physical properties of minerals. The sample was also analysed using Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM EDS). Results: Two samples of Garudapacha could be collected one each from Palakkad and Thiruvananthapuram districts of Kerala state. On examination the sample was massive, compact, brittle, translucent to opaque, white stone, with white streak, Pearly to dull luster, flat to conchoidal fracture, 2.5 to 3.5 Hardness and 2.9 to 3 specific gravity. SEM EDS analysis showed presence of magnesium, carbon, calcium and silica. Discussion and conclusion: From the physical appearance and other mineralogical features the collected sample was identified as Magnesite a carbonate of magnesium with a chemical composition of MgCO₃. It was further affirmed while the sample was subjected to instrumental analysis. There was presence of magnesium, carbon and silica among which 28.74% magnesium and 6.89 % was carbon.

Molecular interactions of plant-derived inhibitors from Euphorbia hirta against binding sites of HPV E6 and E7 oncoproteins - An in-silico analysis

2024-02-06T14:37:52+0530

Although no cure for Human Papilloma virus (HPV) exists at the moment, effective vaccines are present that can prevent the most harmful strains of the virus from infecting people. While potential cures like therapeutic vaccines, immunotherapy, and gene therapy are still in the early stages of development and may take years to become widely available, we focussed on using traditional Siddha-based medicines (phytochemicals of Euphorbia hirta L.) as a prospect through in-silico docking studies. Twelve phytochemicals from Euphorbia hirta L. were selected to investigate the antiviral properties against HPV. These ligand structures were obtained from PubChem database, prepared for docking with two major HPV targets i.e., E6 and E7 oncoproteins obtained from PDB, using AutoDock tools. The analysis revealed the potential of lobeline and euphol ligands effectively binding to the active sites of E6 and E7 proteins respectively. Using the ADMET lab 2.0 server, the ligands were evaluated for their commercial drug potential by considering their absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity properties.

Simultaneous estimation of catechin hydrate and vanillic acid by HPTLC from Alternanthera sessilis plant extract and evaluating their pharmacological activity

2024-03-10T17:43:36+0530

Objective: The aim of this study was to identify and quantify catechin hydrate and vanillic acid from plant Alternanthera sessile and determine their antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. Method: By using toluene: ethyl acetate: formic acid (5:5:1v/v) as a mobile phase combination, separation of catechin hydrate and vanillic acid were carried out at 254 nm. Parameters validation of developed method were performed for linearity, precision, robustness, LOD and LOQ. Microorganism’s zone of inhibition determine by using agar well diffusion method and antimicrobial activity of these two phytoconstituents were evaluated. DPPH assay method was used for determination of antioxidant activity. Result: The Rf values for catechin hydrate and vanillic acid were found to be 0.49 and 0.75 respectively and validation of parameters showed linear and accurate method for analysis. The zone of inhibition was found immensely significant for S.aureus, B.subtillis and C. albicans which when compared to standard antimicrobial agents and gave promising results. Catechin hydrate and vanillic acid also shows significant antioxidant activity. Conclusion: The optimised method was found to be efficient, precise, accurate, specific and economic. Therefore, the method would be useful for qualitative and quantitative routine analysis in pharmaceutical industry. Also, the antimicrobial and antioxidant effect of these two phytochemicals shows excellent result which is useful in many pharmaceuticals and disease conditions.

An observational pilot study on Sidma kushta in relation to Yakrit & Pliha as moola sthana of Raktavaha srotas

2024-02-11T19:15:45+0530

Acharya Charaka has mentioned fifteen koshtanga in the shareera. Koshtanga refers to the viscera. Two koshtanga, Yakrit and Pliha, have been designated as the moola sthana (primary centres of physiological activity) of the Raktavaha srotas (haemopoiesis). The description of Yakrit & Pliha corresponds to the functions of the liver and spleen in contemporary anatomy. Kushta (skin disease) is a Rakta prodashaja vikara (disease caused due to the vitiation of blood). Sidma Kushta, or psoriasis, is one of the eighteen kushta listed in the Samhita. Its prevalence in the Indian population ranges from 0.44 to 2.8%. Recent observational studies have shown that the prevalence of NAFLD [Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease] (as diagnosed either by imaging or by histology) is remarkably higher in psoriatic patients (occurring in up to 50% of these patients) and suggested the presence of a novel hepato dermal axis. In this pilot study, six individuals diagnosed with sidma kushta were subjected to ultrasonography of the abdomen & selected biochemical assays on the function of the liver, to observe the relationship between sidma kushta and moola sthana of raktavaha srotas.The data was statistically analyzed using Spearman’s correlation coefficient and a correlation was observed between the fatty liver grade and the levels of ALT, AST, and blood ammonia.

Evidence based Osteogenic, anti adipogenic and anti- senescence action of Centella asiatica extract on Dental pulp stem cells

2024-03-22T13:52:22+0530

Aim: Centella asiatica linn family of Apiaceae has been used as a traditional medicine as anti-aging remedy to minimize the severity of aging problems. However the effects of Centella asiatica on stem cell differentiation and anti-aging activity are not fully understood. In this investigation we tested the effect of an aqueous extract of Centella asiatica on senescence and osteogenic, chondrogenic and adipogenic differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells ( hDPSCs). Methods: DPSC (n = 10) from the human pulp was treated with various concentrations of Centella asiatica(CA). The cytotoxicity of CA assessed using the MTT. The hDPSCs were then induced to osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic differentiation for 6 and 21 days using either CA alone or a combination of Centella asiatica with an appropriate induction media. We also evaluated the early and late passage senescence activity of DPSC. Key finding: Our data demonstrate effect of CA extract on adipogenesis, chondrogenesis and osteogenesis, and anti-aging activity. We found that there was initial increase in adipogenesis which was diminished in long-term culture. Similarly, the extract was found to enhance chondrogenesis and osteogenesis and reduced senescence as revealed by β-galactosidase staining. Significance: The present study demonstrated for the first time that the CA extract was able to inhibit adipogenesis, senescence, and accelerated osteogenesis in DPSCs. Overall results show that CA (Mandukaparni) extract can be used to treat osteoporosis, delay aging and reduce obesity.

Evaluation of Comparative Efficacy of Kutaki (Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex. Benth) versus Atorvastatin in the Management of Dyslipidemia - A Randomised Controlled Trial

2024-05-18T10:49:53+0530

Introduction: Dyslipidemia is a lipoprotein metabolism condition marked by elevated blood levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol as well as decreased levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. It can be correlated with (Medoroga) Medodushti Aim and objectives: To evaluate comparative effectiveness of Kutaki (Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex. Benth) and Atorvastatin in the management of Dyslipidemia. Methodology: Total 160 patients were randomly divided into two equal groups. Patients in Study Group A were treated with Kutaki Vati and patients in Control Group B were treated with Atorvastatin for 60 days. Data was collected by assessment of Objective parameters like body weight, BMI, lipid levels (TCH-Total serum cholesterol , HDL-High-density lipoproteins, LDL-Low-density lipoproteins, TG- Serum Triglycerides, VLDL-Serum Very Low-density lipoproteins, AST, ALT, S.Urea, S.Creatinine, Fasting blood sugar on the day 0, 30 and 60. The analysis was done with the help of inferential and descriptive statistics. Observation and Result-Kutaki and Atorvastatin both showed significant improvement in lipid levels but Kutaki showed reduction in body weight and BMI with correction in deranged Agni and bowel habit( constipation) which was not seen in Atorvastatin group. Kutaki showed no rise in AST, ALT, S Creatinin and S.urea indicating its hepatoprotective and nephroprotective properties. Conclusion-Both groups are equally effective in the management of Dyslipidemia (Medoroga).But Kutaki is effective in reducing bodyweight and BMI and safe as it showed no rise in AST, ALT, S Creatinin and S.urea.

In vitro Evaluation of Antidiabetic Properties of Probiotic Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Herbal Extracts (Asava, Aristha, Sarko, Swarasa)

2024-03-07T19:09:41+0530

Probiotic bacteria have immense potential to be used as biotherapeutic agents. They are alternatives to many allopathic medicines, antibiotics that can be used for the treatment of diabetes without causing any side effects. Generally, Lactic acid bacteria have been isolated from human and animal origin to be used as therapeutic or nutraceutical agents. However, there is lack of information about the role of natural herbs associated LAB to be used as biotherapeutic agent for the treatment of diabetes. Diabetes is a common disease that affects globally to major population worldwide. The impact of this disease is greater however, complete cure of diabetes s is not available till date. Thus many reseraches is going on this direction to fi d the better cure in a natural way. In the present study isolation of Lactic acid bacteria was carried out from the herbal extracts like Asava, Aristha, Sarko and Swarsa. About 29 isolates were screened for probiotic potential. On confirmation, the isolates were subjected to evaluate for anti-diabetic properties. The results revealed that out of 29 isolates about 8 isolates were found to have antidiabetic properties. From the result, it can be said that, this opens new dimension in the field of medicines for the treatment of diabetes and related ailments with biotherapeutic agents.

Comparative pharmaceutical evaluation of different samples of Yellow orpiment (Haratala) and Ayurvedic mineral formulation (Rasamanikya)

2024-01-11T15:13:09+0530

Background: The present work aimed to study the Physical and Physico-chemical Properties of raw Haratala (Yellow Orpiment), processed Haratala, and its self-prepared formulation Rasamanikya with different market preparations of Rasamanikya by using advance methods such as ICP-AES (qualitative and quantitative analysis), XRD and FEGSEM so that the particle size and elemental content can be estimated and compared in all the samples. This is an attempt to study the classical method of preparation as well as effect of purification process on the constituents of the drug and their size. Methods: Raw Patra Haratala (Orpiment) and three different samples of Rasamanikya were procured from authentic sources. Shodhana (purification) of Haratala was conducted by two different methods. Rasamanikya was prepared from the Haratala processed by two different methods. All the eight samples were subjected to physicochemical analysis, ICPAES, XRD and FEGSEM. Results: Arsenic content is decreased in all the samples except CSH in comparison with ASH. In ICPAES, number of elements is reduced in CSH, KSH and RMCSH in comparison with ASH whereas it is increased in RMKSH, RMMSA, RMMSB, and RMMSC. XRD analysis reveals that Average Crystal Size is minimum in RMMSA and maximum in RMMSC. Average Lattice Strain is minimum in ASH and maximum in RMMSC. Orpiment was detected in all the samples except RMKSH, RMMSB and RMMSC. FEG SEM indicates that the gross particle size of all the samples varies from 1um to 100nm at resolution ranging from 200 to 100000 magnifications. The nanoparticles are visualized at 50000 to 100000 magnifications. Conclusion: Advanced techniques like ICPAES, XRD and FEGSEM are very helpful in estimating the heavy metal content and particle size in Ayurvedic medicine. It is necessary from safety point of view. Small size particles increase the absorption of the drug in the body which causes increase in the bioavailability and potency of the drug. Hence the dose of the formulation may be reduced. Thereby the untoward effects of the high doses can be avoided.

Effect of Kshoudradi Aschyotana in Arjuna w.s.r to Sub-Conjunctival Haemorrhage: A Randomised Clinical Trial

2024-03-04T11:35:33+0530

Introduction: Subconjunctival haemorrhage (SCH) is a frequent eye condition marked by bleeding beneath the conjunctiva, which causes noticeable discoloration and generally disturbs the affected person. There is currently no specific treatment for SCH in contemporary medical practices. According to Ayurveda, it correlates with Arjuna. It is a rakta pradoshaj vikara (disease caused by vitiated blood) and primarily a pitta-predominant disease manifesting in the Shukla mandala of netra. Objectives: The objective of the study was to compare the efficacy of Kshoudradi Aschyotana with Flurbiprofen Eye Drops in Arjuna with special reference to sub-conjunctival haemorrhage. Materials and Methods: After securing ethical clearance and registering the trial with the CTRI, twenty patients satisfying the inclusion criteria and diagnosed with arjuna were randomised into two groups(10 in each group). The trial group and the control group received Kshoudradi Aschyotana and Flurbiprofen eye drops for 5 days respectively. Objective parameters were assessed using Slit-Lamp photography and the area of the lesions was recorded on the baseline, 5^th, and 7^th days. The statistical analysis of the area of haemorrhage was conducted using independent and paired t-test for between and within-group analysis respectively. Results: Kshaudraadi Aschyotana has exhibited better results in reducing the area of subconjunctival haemorrhage as compared with flurbiprofen eye drops within five days(P <0.05). Conclusion: The study concludes that Kshaudraadi Aschyotana has beneficial effects in the management of Arjuna as compared with the flurbiprofen eyedrops.

In vitro Anti-Diabetic and Antioxidant Potential of the Siddha formulation Mega Sanjeevi Chooranam

2024-06-06T13:15:29+0530

Background: The increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) presents a significant public health challenge due to its long-term complications and its role as a primary risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, which have both economic and social implications. Plant-derived antidiabetic drugs are being extensively studied due to their safety and efficacy. The main objective of the present study is to evaluate the anti-diabetic and anti-oxidant potential of the formulation Mega Sanjeevi Chooranam (MSC) through in-vitro investigation. Materials and Methods: The in vitro investigation of traditional siddha formulation MSC were performed to ascertain its inhibitory potential against α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes along with antioxidant analysis. Results: The MSC displayed the highest activity against α-amylase enzyme, with a percentage inhibition of 73.44 ± 6.87% (IC₅₀, 299.4 ± 27.27 μg/ml), followed by a moderate level of α-glucosidase inhibition at 48.89 ± 13.38% (IC₅₀, 402.2 ± 86 μg/ml). Furthermore, the MSC exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity in quenching ABTS^● radicals (IC₅₀, 110.1 ± 18.6 μg/ml), followed by DPPH^● (IC₅₀, 144.4 ± 36.8 μg/ml), H₂O₂^●(IC₅₀, 172.7 ± 39.3 μg/ml), and NO^● radicals (IC₅₀, 238.4 ± 58.56 μg/ml). Conclusion: In conclusion the formulation MSC demonstrated the significant antioxidant activity and effectively inhibited α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzyme activities. Further study is needed to isolate bioactive phytoconstituents and determine the molecular mechanism behind their antidiabetic effect.

A comparative randomised clinical trial of Amrutadi kwath and Vasadi kath in the management of Vatarakta (Gout)

2024-03-16T12:33:12+0530

Vatarakta specially occurs in Madhyavastha which is Parihanikala in which Dhatukshaya takes place. Khavaigunya (Rikta srotas) occurs in Asthi which is responsible for the production of Vatarakta. Vatarakta is a disease related with khavaigunya found in raktavaha strotas which include vitiated vata and rakta, so termed as vatarakta. Due to properties of sukshmatva and saratva of vayu, dravatva and saratva of rakta they spread all over the body. Symptoms of Vatarakta are shool, toda, daha, vaivarnya described by various acharya. Symptoms of Gouty arthritis are similar as of vatarakta Joint pain, Swelling, stiffness, disability and crepitations over small joint. Gouty arthritis is the most common form of arthritis, which occurs in middle age. Amrutadi Kwath and Vasadi Kwath have most of contents are snigdha, guru and mrudu. By virtue of these properties, this alleviates vata and pitta. Hence these are used in diseases which arise due to vitiation of vata and pitta. in vatarakta by its vatapittashamaka prabhav and snigddha, mrudu gunas by vatanulomana kriya. Amrutadi kwath is very effective in relieving the symptoms of vatarakta. Materials and Method: Total 80 patients of the age group 25-60 years presenting with signs and symptoms of vatarakta were selected randomly from OPD of the department of kayachiktsa. The 40 patients of trial group were treated with Amrutadi kwath and 40 patients of control group were subjected to vasadi kwath. Conclusion: Amrutadi Kwath showing significant results than Vasadi Kwath in symptoms of Vatarakta (Gout).

Cross-sectional study for profiling health status, health-related demographics, and health-seeking behaviour of the Scheduled Caste Population in selected areas of Chennai and Chengalpet Districts of Tamil Nadu

2024-08-13T10:55:47+0530

Background: Scheduled Caste (SC) population forms a large section of the Indian population who are often marginalised and deprived of social, economic and health benefits due to ignorance and socio-cultural milieu. Though various studies have been conducted on the socio-economic and political conditions of the SC population in Tamil Nadu, limited data is available on the status and determinants of their health. Objectives: The study's objectives were to estimate the health status of the SC population, health-related socio-demographic conditions and the population's health-seeking behaviour. Method: The observational, cross-sectional study was conducted in five SC-predominant areas of Chennai and Chengalpet districts of Tamil Nadu. Their health status, socio- demographic conditions, including household conditions, and health-seeking behaviour were estimated. Result: A total of 1452 households and 6072 participants of the SC community were studied, mostly belonging to the Adidravida community. Most households were of Upper-lower socioeconomic class with basic household amenities. A total of 11.54% of the adult population had a history of diagnosed chronic illnesses. Nearly one-fifth of reproductive-age women had menstrual irregularities. Non-communicable and infectious diseases were the most frequent reason for health care centre visits. Conclusion: Extensive and continuous screening of health status and chronic diseases is essential for early diagnosis and intervention. Focused interventions on improving socio- demographic status can further strengthen the health condition of the SC community. Integrating all systems of medicine in public health can help cater to the health requirements of all sections of the community. Concerted efforts can cut down the burden of chronic diseases.

Guava leaf extract - Phytochemical therapy for periodontitis patients

2023-06-09T18:50:58+0530

Introduction: Periodontitis is one of the most prevailing diseases associated with the oral cavity. It is important to treat the disease effectively as it results in tooth loss and also affects the host extensively. Treatment of periodontitis includes various surgical and non-surgical modalities. Non-Surgical modalities include Scaling and Root Planing (SRP), Local Drug Delivery (LDD), laser and HMT therapy. In the present study, the effect of guava leaf extract gel as a local drug delivery agent for the treatment of chronic periodontitis is evaluated. Aim: The aim of this study is to analyze the efficacy of guava gel extract as a local drug delivery agent in patients with periodontitis following scaling and root planing (SRP). Materials and method: A randomized, controlled study was conducted in 21 systemically healthy patients suffering from moderate periodontitis with isolated pockets (pocket depths 45mm). Clinical parameters GI, PI and PPD were recorded at baseline and subsequently after 7th, 14th and 21st day. The study design consisted of three groups, each group having 7 subjects, allocated in these groups randomly. Group A - Guava leaf extract gel (7), Group B – Chlorhexidine group (7), Group C - Control group (7). Results: Both the groups, Group A and Group B showed similar reduction in Gingival Index, Plaque Index and Probing Pocket Depth values when compared at baseline and on 21st day but the differences failed to reach the level of significance. Conclusions: The results suggest that Guava leaf extract gel as a local drug delivery is highly effective and comparable to gold standard.

Impact of season on phytochemistry with special reference to β-Asarone content, extract yield and Pharmacognostic parameter in rhizome of Acorus calamus L.

2024-03-16T11:59:40+0530

Demand of medicinal plants is growing exponentially due to its extensive use in nutraceutical, cosmeceutical and pharmaceutical industries. The major problem is the variation in quality and quantity of phytoconstituents with the collection of medicinal plants in each batch. Though, the quality and quantity of phytoconstituents in plants are influenced by various factors, chief among them is seasonal variation. Rhizome of Acorus calamus L. is used in treatment of neurological disorder specially in children. The Ayurvedic system of medicine believes blends of constituent imparts therapeutic activities. The main chemical constituent responsible for cognition enhancement is Asarone. An attempt has been taken to record change in Pharmacognostic parameter with season and evaluate the best collection time of rhizome of Acaorus calamus L. with special reference to extractive value and asarone content.

Qualitative and GC-MS analysis of medicinally potent aquatic herb Pistia stratiotes L. Assam, India

2024-04-09T14:26:37+0530

Pistia stratiotes L. belongs to Araceae family, is a free-floating aquatic plant found in rivers, lakes, and ponds It is commonly known as water cabbage or water lettuce. P. stratiotes stands out as a prominent Ayurvedic remedy, extensively utilized over time for treating a multitude of ailments, The present study was aimed to carry out the detailed preliminary phytochemical and GC-MS analysis of the leaves and root of P. stratiotes. The preliminary phytochemical analysis of P. stratiotes indicated the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrades, reducing sugars, glycosides, flavonoids, phenolic, tannins, triterpinoids, saponins, proteins and amino acids. GC-MS analysis was also carried out to detect the phytoconstituents present in the methanolic, hexane and ethylacetate extract of leaves and root of P. stratiotes.

Antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic effects and quantification of bioactive compounds by HPLC from Crassula ovata leaves extracts on streptozotocin induced diabetic Wistar rats

2024-04-01T09:47:16+0530

Background: Crassula ovata have been recommended in ethno medicines for the treatment of diabetes. In this research the scientific claim is studied and validated. Objective: Objective of the current study has been focused to assess the traditional use of Crassula ovata to heal diabetes, hyperlipidemia and to check the presence of constituents responsible for these actions. Methods: The approved plant's ethanol, acetone, and chloroform extracts were prepared by maceration. For in vivo activity, the model of streptozotocin induced diabetes mellitus in rats was chosen, wherein antidiabetic parameters such as body weight, urine volume, blood glucose level, and lipid profile parameters were evaluated. Quantification of bioactive compounds was done by a high-performance liquid chromatographic technique using diode-array detection. Results: The ethanolic extract noticeably depleted increased blood glucose levels and has positive effects on altered lipid profile after administering a dose of 200 mg/kg orally compared with oral hypoglycemic drug metformin. HPLC analysis of ethanolic extract identified several secondary metabolites in Crassula ovata, including Gallic acid, Rutin, Luteolin, Caffeic acid, Catechin, Kaempferol and Quercetin. These compounds have been reported for their potential antidiabetic effects. The analytical data on the chemical composition supported its traditional use in diabetes management. Conclusion: From the results, it can be concluded that, Crassula ovata ethanolic extract can be ideal for the treatment of diabetes and hyperlipidemia. Further studies are required to locate the active pharmaceutical ingredient for the said actions.

Development and assessment of Nirgundi-Chakramardha biopesticide against Diamondback Moth on Cabbage

2024-01-31T11:37:07+0530

Introduction: The global population is rapidly approaching 9.7 billion by 2050, with Africa and Asia playing significant roles in this growth. This surge necessitates increased crop production, highlighting the importance of effective pest control to ensure food security. India, facing an annual crop loss of about 30% due to pests and diseases, emphasizes the urgency of maintaining ecological balance in natural ecosystems. The diamond back moth (Plutella xylostella L.) poses a substantial threat to cruciferous plants globally, causing severe yield losses of 50–80% in infested cabbage. Addressing this challenge is crucial for minimizing crop losses and securing successful harvests. Our study aimed to analyze the emergence and abundance of small, medium, and large-sized larvae before and after applying treatments. Materials and Methods: A study with five treatments, including Nirgundi-chakramardha biopesticide and a control (Cypermethrin), was conducted. Each treatment was replicated four times, and the entire experiment was set up using a randomized block design. Results: After chemical application, all treatments displayed significant differences. The biopesticide in our study produced notable results within trial groups. Notably, the control group exhibited excellent results compared to the other treatments. Conclusion: The Nirgundi-chakramardha Biopesticide exhibited insecticidal activity against Diamondback moth pests, specifically targeting medium-sized larvae. Although not statistically significant compared to the control group, its efficacy in pest control, especially during the larval stage, indicates its potential as a viable pest management option. Further research and optimization could improve its effectiveness in combating Diamondback moth infestations.

Determination of SOD Activity of Vayasthapana Drugs Guduchi Kwatha, Punarnava Kwatha and Punarnava in Conjunction with Guduchi Kwatha in healthy Wistar Rats

2024-05-05T23:53:06+0530

SOD (Superoxide dismutase) belongs to a class of enzymes and stands as the primary defense against reactive oxygen species (ROS). Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia) and punarnava (Boerhavia diffusa) are believed to have rasayana (rejuvenating) and vayasthapana (anti-aging) properties in ayurveda. Several studies show the antioxidant properties of individual drugs in disease-induced conditions but a gap was observed in the study of the antioxidant properties of guduchi and punarnava in normal healthy subjects and the combined effect of punarnava in conjunction with guduchi. To gain insight into the potential effects of these herbal formulations on SOD activity study was planned. The Animal experiment was carried out as per the guidelines of CPCSEA (Committee for Control and Supervision of Animal Experiment) laboratory animals after seeking permission from IAEC, with 32 (24+8 considering 20% dropout) healthy male Wistar rats. Rats are divided into four groups, 8 (6+2) animals in each. Distilled water, guduchi kwath (GK), punarnava kwath (PK), and a combination of guduchi and punarnava kwath (GPK) given orally with help of 2 ml syringe in doses 8.1 ml/kg in different 4 groups respectively as Normal control (NC) group, Trial group of guduchi (TGG), Trial group of punarnava (TGP), Trial group of guduchi and punarnava (TGGP) for 30 days. The blood sample through orbital punctures of all 24 animals was collected for assessment SOD levels before administration of the test drug and after 30 days of intervention. (Cu-Zn) SOD activity was determined by using a simple and rapid method with a spectrophotometer in the laboratory. The TGG (P value 0.001), TGP (P value 0.035), and TGGP (P value 0.010) groups did exhibit statistically significant changes in SOD levels after giving GK, PK, and GPK intervention while the NC (P value 0.335) group did not show a significant difference. Higher SOD activity indicates a more antioxidant defense mechanism, thus GK, PK and GPK can protect against oxidative damage which supports the potential slowing down age-related changes and promoting healthier aging.

Assessment of the Efficacy of Indigenously Prepared Azadirachta Indica Mouthwash on P. Gingivalis in Chronic Periodontitis Patients: A Microbiological Study

2024-02-29T00:16:03+0530

Aim: The present study aimed to compare and evaluate the antimicrobial effect of Azadirachta Indica (Neem mouthwash) to chlorhexidine mouthwash on P. gingivalis. Materials ans Methods: The subjects were divided into 2 groups. Group I included 5 subjects who used self-prepared neem mouthwash, and Group II included 5 subjects who used 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwash. Subgingival plaque samples were taken at baseline and the 15th day after using the mouthwash and subjected to microbiological evaluation. Results: The colony forming unit (CFU) of P. gingivalis was calculated at baseline and on the 15^th day after using mouthwash using the digit colony counter. A comparison of the total CFU of both mouthwashes revealed that the neem mouth was effective in reducing the microbial colonies of P. gingivalis from baseline to the 15^th day. Conclusion: It was concluded that the self-prepared neem mouthwash was effective in reducing the colony-forming unit of P. gingivalis in the sub-gingival plaque samples and showed better results than the commercially available chemical-based chlorhexidine mouthwash.

Pharmaceutical and physicochemical analysis of Mandura Bhasma

2023-12-19T11:40:46+0530

Introduction: Mandura (Slag of Iron) is a metallic oxide-cum-silicate of iron with the general formula Fe₂SiO₄ and is also known as Slag. In the classical text, different types of methods are explained in different classical books for the preparation of Mandura bhasma based on its utility. Objective: To prepare and analyse Mandura bhasma by employing various Bhasma pariksha mentioned in Ayurvedic science and Modern parameters along with analysis as per tools available today. Materials and methods: To standardise the standard operating procedure (SOP), Mandura Bhasma according to the method mentioned in classical Alchemy (Rasatarangini and Rasamrita). Mandura, detoxification process was followed by heating it in charcoal and dipping it in cow urine and the incineration process by levigating with juice of Aloe vera and heating system generated by cow dung cakes. Result: Bhasma became brownish, very fine, very soft and smooth and passed all classical characteristics of Ayurvedic parameters like Rekhapurnatva, Varitaratva, Sukshmatva, Shlakshnatva etc.,. All physic-chemical parameters are within the standard and presence of phytochemicals like steroids, alkaloids and tannin. X-ray diffraction analysis results revealed the crystalline size and FTIR revealed the presence of functional groups. Conclusion: The therapeutic efficacy of the Bhasma is believed to manifest only when it has successfully undergone the Bhasma Pariksha, a rigorous traditional assessment ensuring its quality and potency. This would undoubtedly aid in ensuring safety, efficacy, and batch-to-batch consistency.

Evaluation of Turmeric extract for human spermatozoa morphology assessment in combination with haematoxylin

2023-09-04T10:29:29+0530

Introduction: This study aims to assess the effectiveness of utilising Turmeric extract as a sustainable alternative to synthetic Eosin dye in the commonly employed Haematoxylin and Eosin (H and E) staining method for analysing human spermatozoa morphology. While H and E staining yields high-quality results, the synthetic nature of Eosin raises concerns about its environmental impact. By exploring the use of Turmeric extract as a substitute, this research aims to provide a more eco-friendly solution without compromising the staining quality. Method: A solution of Turmeric extract, comprising 15 grams per 100 ml, is formulated using 70% alcohol. This alcoholic extract is substituted for Eosin in the process of H and E staining. In the experiments, two sets of semen smears are prepared. One set is subjected to H and E staining, while the other set undergoes staining with Haematoxylin and Turmeric (H and T). The quality of staining on each slide is assessed based on various parameters, including the background of the smear, as well as the distinct sections of the sperm, namely the head, neck, body, and tail. Result and conclusion: Turmeric confers a unique coloration to the stained spermatozoa, yielding a vivid and distinguishable visual effect that contrasts with the conventional pink staining achieved through the use of Eosin. In both staining techniques, the morphology of the spermatozoa is clearly observable and distinguishable, albeit with Eosin providing enhanced contrast and sharpness. The exceptional staining capacity of Turmeric paves the path for the exploration of natural alternatives to supplant synthetic dyes.

A Siddha Management of Kaalaani (Corn Foot) using Uloga Suttigai (Heated Metal Cauterisation): A Case Report

2024-05-08T15:47:02+0530

Corn foot is nowadays a common skin problem among people who are subjected to pressure and constant friction from repetitive actions on their feet. It causes psycho-somatic stress on the affected individuals due to the changes in their walking style. On March 16, 2023, the client, a 46-year-old female, came to the Outpatient Department with complaints of thickened skin over the plantar aspect of the right foot, severe pain present while walking for 4 years, and another area of thickened skin appearing over the plantar aspect of the right big toe without pain for 1 year. Through clinical examination, the skin lesions were confirmed to be corn foot. After the diagnosis, the client was advised to do the surgical procedure, heated metal cauterisation (Uloga suttigai), as in Siddha. A heated metal robe was strongly held in one hand and applied over the periphery of the lesion site, then towards the center. Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. pulp was placed over the burn site. Using the surgical instruments, the burned tissue was removed until the healthy tissue became visible. Finally, the ulcerated area was cleaned with padikaara neer (alum water). Dressing was done with matthan thylam. After a regular bandage of the wound for a week, the corn foot completely healed, along with all related symptoms. The recurrence did not happen in the course of a one-year follow-up. To summarize, the case report exhibited that the heated metal cauterisation used in the Siddha is very effective in the management of patients with corn foot, relieving their stress at an affordable cost.

Secondary Preventive Management of Kitibha Kushta (Plaque Psoriasis) - A case study

2024-03-16T11:53:45+0530

Levels of prevention has been a wide idea concept which includes all the aspects related to health and disease like preventive, curative, promotive and rehabilitative measures. Applicability of this concept in Ayurveda has elaborative understanding in a more simplified manner. Despite leading to both physical and psychological issues, the importance given to skin diseases is always the least. Changing food habits and lifestyle is being the major reason in the current era for increased prevalence of skin diseases especially in young adults. In a way to cope up with fast living culture, people are compromising with their health and well being which needs immediate attention and action. Early diagnosis and complete treatment is the basis of Kushta Chikitsa (treatment of skin diseases) and the same has been highlighted as a secondary preventive measure. One such case is being discussed here which is diagnosed initially and treated as per Ayurveda chikitasa siddhtanta (Ayurvedic treatment principle), considering Dosha (bio-forces of body), Agni(metabolism), Bala (Strength), Ritu (season) etc giving complete relief and self confidence of the patient. This not only prevents the further occurrence of complications due to chronicity but also brings back the faith in Ayurveda treatment modalities. It is high time to make the young minds realize the importance of healthy living, which otherwise can impair the health status of the nation, dragging back its growth and development.

Management of Shukrakshaya (Oligospermia) by implementing traditional Ayurveda treatment: A case report

2024-04-16T10:30:09+0530

Oligozoospermia (Low sperm count) is one of the most common causes of male infertility today, which is easily diagnosed via semen analysis, keeping in mind the semen qualitative parameters preset by WHO. There is however no clear reason as to why the condition occurs except for the congenital reasons. Heat, smoking, alcohol are certain factors that might affect the sperm count, are being studied. Ayurvedic scriptures explain Shukra Dhatu vitiation by Vata-Pitta-Kapha which leads to Shukra Dosha like Ksheen or Alpa Shukra or Shukrakshaya. The article here presents a case of a 35-year-old healthy male patient with a known case of Oligozoospermia (8 million/mL), infertile for 5 years, who was successfully managed by Ayurvedic intervention within a period of about 5 months. Accordingly, his condition was diagnosed as Shukrakshaya in the OPD, and his Ayurvedic intervention was thoroughly planned. The case was managed by initiating Agnidipaka and Aampachaka Chikitsa, followed by using Virechana for Shodhana. Later the patient was taken on Shaman-Vajikarana & Balya Chikitsa for 3 months, where a significant rise in the sperm count variables depicting normal values was observed, discussed further in this article.

Siddha Management of Geriatric Urolithiasis (Kallataippu- XA) - A Single Case Report

2024-04-24T15:17:10+0530

Introduction: Kallataippu (NSMC-XA, Urolithiasis or Nephrolithiasis) is one of the most common emerging urological disorders worldwide with an increasing frequency in geriatric patients (>65 years). Siddha system provides oral medications for the management of urolithiasis which is non-invasive and cost effective. Method: A 68-year-old patient approached the OPD with complaints of episodic flank pain radiating from the loin to the groin region, pain, and an urge to urinate. On interrogation, the patient gave a history of poor water intake. Ultrasound scan of the abdomen revealed the renal calculi measuring 3 mm noted in the mid-pole calyx of the right kidney, 4 mm in the upper pole calyx of the left kidney and the Urinary bladder is partially distended with a 4.0 mm thickened wall. It was diagnosed as Kallataippu (XA- Urolithiasis) based on signs and symptoms and investigational reports. The patient was administered a combination of medicines based on the Siddha line of treatment. Result: In the first follow-up, the patient informed that he experienced moderate pain and disturbance in the urine flow and the first stone was expelled out through urine on the second follow-up. The patient got moderate relief from pain in the abdomen and did not experience dysuria, and the second stone was expelled through urine on the third follow-up. The patient was asked to take CT-KUB on the fourth follow-up. The reported case has a prospective follow-up for 6 months and was found to be free of renal stone-related complaints. Conclusion: The present work suggests that the combination of Siddha drugs markedly worked well on the disintegration and expulsion of the calculi in the geriatric age.

Ayurvedic Management of Overweight child with Panchagavya Therapy – A Case Report

2024-03-04T14:44:50+0530

Childhood obesity is a widely spreading public health condition specifically after the COVID pandemic. It is also a risk factor for the onset of various non-communicable diseases. Obesity in childhood period does not only affects the growth and development in children but also has a life-long impact if neglected. This article encompasses management of an overweight child having complaints like Exertional dyspnea, Perspiration, increased appetite & thirst. The treatment protocol was based on Panchagavya. Both the methods of management of sthaulya were practiced viz. Shodhana (Purification therapy) in the form of Gomutradi Asthapana Basti & Shamana (Pacifying therapy) in the form of oral medication. Panchagavya is the group of five sacred elements obtained from the Indian cow, from which Gomutra has been said to be useful in treating Sthaulya in adults. Strict emphasis on Nidanparivarjana (Avoidance of causative factors) was also considered. Marked improvement in the BMI from 25.4 (Before treatment) to 22.9 (After treatment) and the clinical symptoms from grade 2 to grade 0 was observed. Modification in the oral administration of Gomutra in the form of Gomutra arka was found to be palatable considering the age of the child. Gomutra via both Asthapana Basti and Oral route helped in the breakdown of the Pathology of Sthaulya. Diet restriction also helped in the process.

Management of Scalp Psoriasis through Ayurvedic Modalities – Case Report

2023-06-10T21:37:21+0530

In ayurveda skin diseases are described as Kushta Rogas. Kushta Rogas are of two types mahakushta and khudrakushta. Ekakushtha is a type of Kshudra Kushtha. Ekakushtha, as described by Sushruta, presents with distinct clinical features. These include a lack of sweating or dryness (Aswedanam), widespread coverage across the entire body (Mahavastu), and a scaly appearance resembling fish scales (Matsyashakalamam). The skin coloration observed in Ekakushtha can vary, ranging from a dark hue to a pinkish-red tone, according to Sushruta's observations..Psoriasis is a long-lasting skin condition marked by red, scaly patches that are itchy and tend to come and go. These patches can appear anywhere on the body, but they're most commonly found on the elbows, knees, and scalp. Scalp psoriasis specifically causes raised, red patches on the scalp that may be thin or thick and can cover small areas or the entire scalp.The global prevalence of psoriasis varies from 0.12–8%, indicating that it is a common dermatosis.Many treatments are available in modern science but they have various complication & side effects.Here in this case we used ayurvedic shodhan and shaman therapies & successfully treated the case.A 29 years male came in the OPD with chief complaints of red, scaly patch with severe itching and with burning sensation on lower occipital and neck region since 8 months.The patient was treated with Shodhan and Shaman Chikitsa.Patient got complete relief after the completion of therapy with no reoccurrence. Thus it can be concluded that Shodhana(Vamana and Virechna) followed by Shamana Chikitsa with pathya pathya described in Ayurveda is effective in the management of Ekakushtha (Psoriasis).

A case study on the management of Prathishyaya (Chronic Allergic Rhinitis) using Bharangi Arka Nasal Spray

2024-03-19T09:53:29+0530

The omnipresence of Prathishyaya among school-aged groups is overlooked until the complications like kasa, swasa and rajayakshma come into being. Pratishyaya if taken heed of in the initial stage, helps to frustrate the looming effects of its complications. Bharangi Arka is cited as an effectual remedy for Prathishyaya in the Arka Prakasha of Ravana. Prescribing medications for children is usually challenging as they often resist taking them and so, Ayurveda formulations when transmuted into more palatable forms can have salutary impacts on children than classical forms. This case study was carried out on an 8 ½ years old male child with sneezing, runny nose and chronic symptoms including nasal itching and obstruction in particular. Prathishyaya was diagnosed after a proper clinical evaluation. Bharangi Arka in the form of nasal spray was opted as the sole drug in the treatment. Assessment of symptoms was done using Total Nasal Symptom score on the 7^th, 14^th, 21^st and 28^th days of the first month of the treatment and at the end of the following two months. Subsidence of all the symptoms was observed in the patient almost in the 4^th week. This corroborates the stupendous action of Bharangi Arka nasal spray on Pratishyaya and it could usher in a way for further research to be carried out on the potency of nasal sprays in Ayurveda.

Management of COVID-19 patients of CT Severity 15/25 and above with Ayurveda drugs as add-on therapy – A Case Series

2023-12-29T13:36:03+0530

Ayurveda, which is the oldest life science in the world, has yet to be fully accepted as the only or even an additional therapy for severe diseases. It is a common perception that Ayurveda has a significant role in the preventive aspect of diseases, and the drugs of Ayurveda are more effective in chronic ailments. Most publications are also limited to these areas only, as use of Ayurveda in acute or severe cases is not yet justified scientifically because of the lack of significant scientific clinical data as very few case reports are published about the use of Ayurveda in acute cases. Here we present a case series of treatment of five COVID-19 patients with CT Severity 15/25 and above with Ayurveda drugs as add-on therapy admitted to tertiary care, a Level-3 COVID-19 treatment hospital. These five patients sought Ayurveda opinion and consented to Ayurveda treatment along with the ongoing treatment regime. All the patients showed improvement with Ayurveda treatment as an add-on therapy, and none of the patients needed ICU, and all patients were discharged when they started maintaining oxygen saturation at room air. This report addresses the clinical effectiveness of Ayurveda drugs as add-on therapy in severe cases of COVID -19. It also attempts to invite the attention of researchers towards the use of Ayurveda concepts and drugs in severe or acute cases of diseases.

Contribution of Shankar Nighantu w.r.t. Vishahara Dravyas: A Review

2024-04-25T11:49:36+0530

Toxicity, which may be intentional, unintentional or accidental, is a grave problem throughout the world from ages. Advancements in the literature of Ayurveda address this problem by including the various treatments of toxicities, where Shankar Nighantu is one of them. Shankar Nighantu is a modern lexicon in Ayurvedic Materia Medica, originating in the 20^th century and written by Shankar datta Gauda in the Hindi language. This lexicon based on Ayurvedic and Unani references, constructed in Hindi alphabetical order, is in three parts and contains vast information about the botanical characteristics, medicinal properties, and therapeutic indications of numerous plants, animals, and their products, as well as metals and minerals, aiding in the effective practice of this ancient healing tradition in contemporary times. Various Vishahara dravyas (Antivenom or Anti-toxic properties or Anti-poisonous drugs) are also listed highlighting the significance of toxicity treatment. Vishahara dravyas are elements that can prevent and eliminate toxins or poisons from the body. These elements play a crucial role in Ayurveda, which emphasises the importance of detoxification for maintaining health and treating diseases. Unani dravyas that are referred from ‘Makhjan’, are also mentioned as a unique entity as Vishahara property in this Nighantu. This Nighantu also includes various drugs used as folklore medicine. The author indicates various single drug as well as compound formulations to be used as antitoxic. Chuk, Hatthajodi, Chumbak patthar (Magnetic stone) are a few controversial and unexplored drugs that need further research for its antitoxic properties. This literary review aims to focus on the data found in Shankar Nighantu regarding various antitoxic drugs that is Vishahara dravyas. It will assist researchers and medical practitioners in gaining better insight about principle of treatment of toxicity.